Symbols

In the late XIX - early XX century, the belief in scientific knowledge of the world has reached apotheosis. Newest rationalism attempted to solve our phobias, motivation, emotions, etc. Do not just on the atoms. However, the initial euphoria gave way to gradual disappointment - it turned out, that death is not as hard as it said - it is much more complicated. In addition, a large number of schools and trends in psychology have made possible a unified treatment of the notion of death from the standpoint of the science. The famous Sigmund Freud famously tried to deal with the problem by entering the terms "craving for life and the craving for death." According to Freud, attraction to death (Todestriebe) - it is inherent in the individual, usually unconscious tendency to self-destruction to return to the inorganic state. In full accordance with the dialectics of Hegel craving for life and attraction to the opposite of death, and united in the same time. Seeking confirmation of their ideas in the work of biologists, Freud said about the remarkable similarity of the German geneticist A. Veysmanom division on the death SOMU (the body in the narrow sense) and immortal (under certain conditions) germplasm with the division into craving for death and for life. Turning briefly to the sharply dualistic understanding of the nature of attraction, the Austrian psychiatrist, said that, on the theory of E. Goering, in a living substance occurring continuously, two kinds of opposite direction, some - shaping, assimilyatornogo, others - a destructive, dissimilyatornogo mud. "Should we try to learn in these two vital areas of our work both attraction - attraction to the life and craving for death? - Asks Freud. - But we can not hide and that we are inadvertently caught in the harbor of philosophy for which Death is "the result of its own and, therefore, the purpose of life..." The modern researcher Dr. Elizabeth Kyubler Ross (USA), dealing with the world through binoculars Freud and Jung, writes: "If we Obernai back and turn to the cultures of the past, we see that the death of all the century was perceived as a man of misfortune, and, obviously, so will always be. For the psychiatrist it is obvious, and probably can beat the best explained in terms of our understanding of the unconscious "I"; nesoznayuschego reason for death in relation to himself quite unthinkable. For our unconscious is inconceivable to imagine the real end his life here at land, and if that my life should end, the end is always connected with the interference of evil forces from outside. Speaking simply, in our nesoznayuschem mind, we can only be killed; unthinkable death from natural causes or old age. Therefore, death as such is associated with the frightening effects , evil act, something that mere crying for revenge and square... Second, what we need to figure out - is that our nesoznayuschy mind does not distinguish between desire and act. Any of us can retell a dream devoid of logic, which adjoin mutually developments and approval - it is acceptable in dreams but unthinkable in the vigil. Just as we have in his nesoznayuschem mind can not distinguish between the desire to kill the anger of someone from the act of murder, a young child is unable to distinguish between fantasy and reality. The child, who, angry and wished that his mother died, because of the fact that it has not complied with his request to be highly traumatized her actual death. He will always repeat itself and, more rarely, other: what I did, I am guilty, I was bad, so my mother left me... When we grow and start to understand that it is not so almighty to make the impossible possible, the fear that we are to blame for the death of dear man, is declining, and with it the feeling of guilt. The fear of fading, but at some point suddenly increases. It is clearly visible on the faces of people walking on the hospital corridors, or in those who suffered great loss. A married couple can quarrel for years, but after the death of his wife's husband begins to lament, to cry in repentance and fear, will become even more afraid of his own death, believing in the law "an eye for an eye, tooth for tooth", "I'm to blame for her death, I am for it die a pitiful death. " Perhaps knowing this, it is easier to understand for centuries followed many customs and rituals, whose purpose was to mitigate the wrath of the gods or society, to reduce the expected punishment. I am thinking of sackcloth, the veil, women's cries of ancient times - all this means to cause to mourn the loss of compassion, ways of expressing grief, sorrow, remorse. Man shoots himself in the mountain in the chest, fetches one's hair, refuses to eat, thus trying to punish yourself and avoid the coming of eternal punishment or mitigate the punishment to which he is waiting for the death of a beloved person. Feelings of grief, remorse, guilt is not so far from anger or rage. Sorrow always brings anger. Since none of us wants to be angry at the deceased, these emotions are often disguised or suppressed and are a manifestation of grief or expressed differently, keep in mind that our task - is not regarded such feelings as bad or shameful, but try to understand their true origins as something extremely extent, inherent in man. To illustrate, I once again cite the example of a child - the child in all of us. The five-year-old boy, lost his mother, and blames himself for her disappearance, and angry at her for what she left him, and deaf to their requests. The child loves and yearns for his deceased appearance, but so is abundantly hates him for his Odinochestvo. Along with the precise observations of discussions Kyubler E. Ross is very much disputed. Can, for example, refer to your own experience to refute the idea of an American psychiatrist. When my grandmother died (she was brought up me, replacing the mother), I did not have the slightest feeling of hatred towards her. The sense of guilt was not at fault for the death of the grandmother (she died of cancer), but for the fact that in her life, I nedodal her my love. Here on this, I suffered and suffer still. Concerning the ritual and abundant tears for the dead - also is debatable. For tears, as it is now known to contain the anesthetic substance, which are similar to those of morphine. So the sobbing relatives, rather, it is not an attempt to bring to his pity and compassion to protect themselves from this stigma the gods or society, and the physiological response of the organism, mitigating distress. (Fine with that Odinkovo body reacts to physical and mental pain - tears.) According to the well-known psychoanalyst E. Fromm, get rid of the fear of death - all that well to get rid of your own mind. In the book "The man for himself", he writes: "Consciousness, reason and imagination violated" harmony "of animal existence. Their emergence has made man into an anomaly, freak universe. The man - part of nature, it is dependent on physical laws and are not able to change them, and all he goes beyond nature... thrown into this world in a certain place and time, it is the same randomly driven from it. Realizing himself, he understands his own powerlessness and the limitations of existence. He foresaw the end - death. He was never freed from the dichotomy of his existence: he would help get rid of the mind, even if it wanted to, he can not get rid of the body while alive, and it makes the body desire life. " And be afraid of death, we will add. However, some researchers believe that the fear of death is not innate, but acquired the property during the life of the psyche. L. Watson, for example, looking at the literature on psychological reactions of people to death, was struck by the fact that "the fear of death occurs only in adults, and only those who have time for reflection on this theme." In psychiatry, however, noted cases where children go mad trying to understand why some die young before old. Fear of death is certainly there for children with a sufficiently early age, although they may not adequately perceive the death - as the final termination of his physical existence. Death rather involve them in the minds of the notion of physical pain, suffering, etc. If you recognize the sense of the death of the 'learning', we have to discard the whole theory of evolution. For living beings a sense of danger is a reminder of the possible demise. Fear allows them to survive. And if knowledge of the death would not be a nation in the genes, then all life on earth would have died after ceasing to fear any dangers. L. Watson and himself compelled to accept it in part. However, such a recognition, he goes through a reluctance to behold obvious. He said that there are no facts, "confirming the innate fear of death or his development as a mandatory component of behavior associated with the Dying," but then cites an example of how young chimpanzees who have attained a certain age, without any guidance from outside or special Training start to avoid contact with zmeepodobnyin objects. "They have the inherent property - says Watson - fear of characters that can be associated with danger, but I do not know of any animal with a congenital fear of death itself." Naturally! After all, do not care for the animal to death as such. The death of his worries if only if it becomes an obstacle to the implementation of laid down in the biological functions. But it is the sense of danger. Thus, we can confidently conclude that the sense of danger in the subconscious of an animal and human fear of death adequately. But a person is feeling much more difficult in the process of cultural life skills, experience, abstract thinking, the development of intuition. People can perceive not only the direct, immediate threat to life, but also indirect, remote, expressed in any communication system perceived them. The words "are more radiation" or "in my briefcase bomb" could cause a panic terror, while the sensory system of rights that are not signals of danger. The ability to accumulate experience, the perception of death in the abstract thought L. Watson and took as a sign of congenital absence of the fear of death. However, some observations L. Watson, regarding the death of psychology, individual or at least curious. Quoting the study of dying patients, made by E. Kyubler-Ross, Watson said the five stages of change attitudes to their own death. "The first reaction to the fatal disease usually is:" No, not me, it's not true. "Such an initial denial of death is very similar to the first climber desperate attempt to stop his fall. As soon as the patient is aware of the reality of events, his denial is replaced by anger or frustatsiey." Why do I, because I have so much to be done? "Sometimes, instead of this being the next stage of trying to deal with themselves and with others and gain more time to live. When the meaning of the disease is fully understood, a period of fear or depression. This stage is not analogues of emotions associated with sudden death, and probably occurs only in those situations when faced with the death of people have time for reflection... The final stage of the cycle, pre-onset of clinical death, Odinkovy as in the instant, and with a slow death. Should dying patients have enough time to cope with their fears and accept the inevitability of death, or receive adequate assistance from the others, they often begin to experience a state of calmness and tranquility. " Note, however, that this condition - the result of psychotherapy, but rather suggestible than natural. Indeed, to suggestion, to the interference of others or unwittingly Motivational mind and the body of a patient refused to accept the imminent death as natural. "Thus, - writes L. Watson - a process of dying, apparently, is an independent phase of human development with its own sequence of events, certain susceptible describe experiences and ways of behavior. The proof that these phases are not only among people who are dying as a result of accidents or illness, is the artificial vyzyvanie the same stages of dying have absolutely physically healthy people. The study of eighteen murderers on death row in Sing-Sing prison, found that the denial of death (by which frustrated many of the problems), followed by anger or fear, and finally (for those who have enough time), a quiet meditative detachment. Again, talk Watson was not correct. There are many cases where people prosidevshie in anticipation of enforcement for many years, went to the penalty as a furious lions, and not as docile lamb. Forgive L. Watson, and this misconception is based on incomplete data, and listen to what he said next. "Maybe someone will seem to stretch it, but we believe that in the history of our relationship to death, repeating a sequence of stages of dying. In our history was a time when people refused to believe that death is a natural event, preferring to assign responsibility for it in any animated or stones forces. This is clearly evident in the funeral rites of civilizations "populated Delta (Watson was referring to the Sumerians, Assyrians, Egyptians.) Then comes a time of death as a real, final life events, typical of the Judeo-Greek civilizations . The next stage of the denial of death, attempts to cope with its reality. And finally, as if dropped from a height of today, our civilization is so close to the edge of the abyss that Transcendence is the only protection from death. " Watson calls on to get rid of the fear of death with the help of meditation. His appeal is fully consistent with modern-type varieties of Hinduism, Advaita Vedanta. Odin of the leaders of this trend Ramana Maharshi (1879-1951) described his experience to overcome the fear of death: "I am Odin sat in a room on the first floor of the house of my uncle. I'm rarely sick, and that day I felt fine, but suddenly I have known the fear of death. (At this time Raman Mahartpi was 16 years old). My health is not threatened me anything and I did not try to understand the reason ztogo fear. I felt that I was going to die, and began to think that I do. I do not think that you can apply to the doctor for the elderly or friends. I felt that itself should deal with this situation and find the answer himself, he found a solution to this situation without delay. The fear of death drew my mind into the depths of myself. And I said, referring to himself almost without words: "Here come the death. What does this mean? What does it mean to die? The body dies. But whether my body I have? It is silent and inert. I feel the full force of my personality. As well as hunger "I" in me the most, which is fine by him. Thus, I am a spirit, which is higher than the body. The body dies but the spirit, which is higher than the body can not be touched by death. This means that "I" is the immortal spirit. This was not just thought it was a discovery, which is poured into me as a living truth, and I accepted immediately, without thinking. "I" was something real, the only real property in this state. And all conscious activity connected with my body, was connected with the "I". From this moment on "I" attracted my attention and became the object of my continuous reflection, my constant surprise. The fear of death vanished once and forever. "I am" consumed all my attention, my whole life was now devoted to this "I". Those who are lazy to engage in meditation a la Ramana Maharshi, French physician and writer Lndre Ryuellan recommends a simple recipe - jog on the cemetery for preventive adaptation. In his opinion, people nowadays are not only afraid of death but do not want to think about it. Moreover, Ryuellan firmly believe that many of them have long been dead. "They should have to order that their embalmed and in a way left to sit in front of the TV screen - so that when they really ispustyat last breath, so nobody notices." Continuing in the spirit of Ryuellana, we can say that these people able to awaken only death. Or at least, a state of mortal danger. In psychology, there is the notion of "border situation" - a situation in which the fast-growing self-identity. K. Jaspers calls the border points of the immediate threat to life that will enhance personal thinking, freeing it from the husk of collective experience, imposed behavior. It is related to another interesting phenomenon - a sharp change in the living creed of people who were in a state of clinical death and had the experience of "prohibitive existence." This is what tells a young woman to go into the worst car accident (her monologue resulted in his book American researchers Stanislav and Christina Grof): "For those few seconds, until my car was in motion, I experienced a sensation that seemed to have reached a century. The extraordinary horror and engrossing fear for his life quickly gave way to a clear knowledge that I die. Strange as it may seem, at the same time it is deep sense of calm and peace, which I never before experienced. It seemed like I moved from the periphery of its substance - the body, concluded I was - at the center of my "I", a place of calm and imperturbably sabbath... Time to have disappeared as I watched one's own life: she was in front of me, like a film, very fast, but amazingly detailed. After reaching the border of death, as if I was in front of a transparent curtain. The driving force of the experience led me through the curtain - and I was still completely calm - and suddenly I realized that this is not the end, but rather a shift. describe my feelings more, I can only read as follows: all parts of my substance than I would at that moment may be, felt the continuum of what I had thought of death. I felt that the force sent me to death and then beyond it, will ever lead me into an infinite distance. Just at that moment, my car crashed into a truck. When he stopped, I looked around and realized that somehow miraculously stayed alive. Then something amazing happened: when sitting at Gruda broken metal, I felt that the boundaries of my person lost, and I begin to merge with all the others - with the police, the fragments of the machine, working with lomami trying to relieve me, the machine "emergency", with flowers on nearby flowerbeds, television. Somehow I saw and felt their wounds, but it seemed that they did not have any relation to me - they were only part of the rapidly expanding system, which included much more than my body. Sunlight was extremely bright and gold, it seemed that the whole world of wonderful shining light. I felt happy and exuberant joy, in spite of the dramatic situation, and this condition persisted for several days in hospital. This incident and the related experience completely changed my outlook and the notion of existence. Previously, I was not particularly interested in the spirit and felt that life is between birth and death. The thought of death is always my CV. I believed that we were on the stage of life only once, and then - nothing. In passing, I muchil fear that I will not be able to implement everything in life, what I want. Now I have to imagine another world and my place in it. My self-superior view of the physical body, limited to time and space. I know that I am part of the vast boundless creation, which can be called divine. " Frenchman Gerard Shuraki, who survived the experience "of the border" (he also got in a car accident), said: "I would certainly not want ever again to move a physical pain. But now I have no fear of death. For my death - is also a life, just in another place... Once I go over time, so tried to keep up with life. Life itself seemed to me an endless race. (When the accident happened, Shuraki lead vehicle at a speed of 140 km/h ) Now I am far from it. For me, much more important intrinsic value of things. And in life, I even stronger. " American physician Robert Moudi indicates that the experiences of dying experience produces normally placatory effect. "Many told me that after what happened, they feel that their life has become deeper and more meaningful, because through this experience, they became much more interested in the fundamental philosophical problems." "I grew up in a small town. People are not distinguished by a wide outlook, - said Odin surveyed Moudi" returnees from the world. "- I was the same as all. But after what happened with me, I wanted to learn more... I as if matured for one night... Before I opened a new world of which I had not even suspected. I thought: "How many in this world that I knew and moving. It turns out that there are things povazhnee than soccer, dancing and stuff. I began to think more about where the boundary for a man and his conscience? " So, most of the visiting "on the other side of life": a) perstayut fear of death; b) re-main the submissions; c) change the way of life. Among other aspects of the perception of death and it should be noted that: witnesses of fatal accidents are often shocked by much more than those who had suffered a mortal danger (if the victim did not receive serious physical injury).

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