Symbols

The language of biologists, unfortunately, no poetic inspiration - elegiac sadness or expressive metaforizma. In biology death vulgarly interpreted as a "cessation of vital activity of organism, and as a consequence - the death of the individual as a living system of segregated, with the decomposition of proteins and other biopolymers, which are the basic material substrate of life..." Some biologists distinguish the notion of partial death, that is the death of the group of cells go up a body (necrosis). In unicellular organisms - the simplest - the natural death of individuals in the form of division as it relates to the cessation of existence of the species and the emergence in its place two new ones. The death of individuals is usually accompanied by the formation of a dead body. Depending on the causes of death, the higher animals and human beings are distinguished: the death of a natural (physiological), occurring as a result of developing a long series of major extinction of life items organism, and premature death (pathological), painful conditions caused by the organism, the defeat of vital organs (brain, heart, lungs, liver, etc.). Premature death may be sudden, ie, occur within minutes or even seconds (for example, when a heart attack). Death of warm-blooded animals and humans is related primarily to the termination of breathing and circulation. Therefore distinguish between two main stages of death: Clinical death and the accompanying biological death, or true. Upon expiration of a period of clinical death, when the opportunity of restoring the vital functions, is the biological death - irreversible cessation of physiological processes in cells and tissues. Trying to unravel the nature of death, 3. Freud in "Beyond the pleasure principle" combines psychoanalysis with the consideration of results of biological studies of the time. He does not hide the fact that a person wants to find solace in the biological predetermination of death, independent of himself: "If we are destined to die himself and lose their loved ones before, it still wants to obey the rather inexorable law of nature, majestic appropriate than random, which could escape. " "We will be surprised - said further Freud - to learn how biologists disagree on the issue of natural death and that the concept of death in general remains elusive." The greatest interest in Freud's study led the length of life and death of organisms in the works of A. Veysmana, proposing the division of "living substance" on the death and the immortal half. Death Veysman considered part of the body itself, SOMU prone to natural death, as the immortal part considered germ cells, as they can, under appropriate conditions to develop into a new organism, to create a new SOMU. Freud finds this analogy with his theory of "attraction" of two families - those that are life unto death, and those who are constantly striving to upgrade life. However, he frankly acknowledged that "the visibility of the coincidence of rapidly disappears when we read with a resolution of the problem Veysmanom death. Veysman fact allows a distinction of catfish immortal germplasm only in Metazoa (multicellular). The death of the higher living beings have a natural death from internal causes, but it is based not on the original properties of living substance, can not be understood as an absolute necessity justified the essence of life. Death is more a sign of viability, a manifestation of adaptation to external conditions of life, as in the division of cells in the body SOMU and germplasm unlimited life expectancy of individuals would be totally impractical luxury. With the onset of the differentiation of the multicellular death is a possible and desirable. From this stage, catfish higher organisms die due to internal reasons, to a certain time, the simplest is still immortal. In contrast, reproduction was not introduced to the death, but a primitive property of living matter, such as growth, from which it occurred, and the life left on Earth since its beginning uninterrupted. " As for Freud, all these issues are important from the viewpoint of applicability to the theory he said with regret that the recognition of natural death for higher organisms little help resolve his issue. Indeed, "if death is only later acquire the living creatures, the craving for death, which date back to the beginning of life on Earth, once again been neglected. may die from internal causes of the shortcomings of metabolism, for an issue that interests us is does not matter. " In contrast to Freud's cause of death are interested in us regardless of the theories related to the disciplines of biology. But do not make mistakes whether we are trying to solve the notion of "death" is provided? In times of antiquity and Middle Ages in mind the scientist (and even more so the average person) was not so discreetly, as in our time. Obviously, the amount of knowledge accumulated by mankind, is so great, that does not allow us to have a panoramic view of the existence, at once to cover all the possible models, confirmed by theoretical and practical experience of civilization. "The specialist is similar flux: the completeness of its unilateral" - Kozma Prutkov poignantly observed even in the last century. And Paul Florensky, Odin of the best minds of Russia XX century negoduya on rationalist, vozvedshih specialization in the canon of knowledge, in the early 1920's, wrote: "But they are fractured in any form of bricks, which they rasstrigli God's Word to the lines and words language rastolkli of sounds, to crush the body of molecules and soul kindled in the beam of association, and the flow of mental states; God declared system of categories, people appreciated how great a piece, assembled from the dust of centuries, - everything firmly in the dissolved elements, which dissolved in a turn, causing the former to the illusion of validity of the form and content of nothingness. " Today, science is beginning to understand that it is impossible to determine the mechanism of life and death of organic matter, using only the ideas finitizma or Odin-two levels of study. Tempting, for example, download and explore the human body primarily as a chemical reactor. But no. Even from this point of view we are faced with a lot of things unexplained in the chosen frame of reference. For example, the famous "chemical pendulum" - reversible reaction, open Belousova - Jabotinsky. If they can, why can not "reverse" the work of the chemical reactor named "man"? Modern German philosopher E. Hikel the limited odnourovnego, unilateral biophysical knowledge of our life writes: "Life on earth and all living things remarkable ability to reproduce. Fascinating is the fact that with such a role in reproduction, cell nucleus play a chemical molecule, and that this role can be clarified. In this state zavorozhennosti forget that investigated chemical DNA - "bricks" in no way all that form a living organism: the nature of DNA replication in the processes of reproduction and growth of organisms dependent on the interaction of the DNA with countless other composite factors parts in the cell nucleus, the nucleus, in turn, is in collaboration with the environment the cells, which affect other cells, tissues, and which is, again, to influence them, and those parts of the body are in relation to the whole and Even with his environment and diverse influences, not only the real nature. " In fact, the issue of cause of death is a matter which muchil Freud: Is the death of a living organism programmed in the genes or is a result of the malfunction, errors, and the activities of the organism, leading to cell aging and death? On this issue the current science seems to have found the answer. American biologist Leonard Hayflik found the limit of division of human cells - 50 (plus - minus 10) times. Follow-cell death is inevitable, for whatever tricks we went. Cells can be frozen, and then return to a normal state - and she just "remember" how many times she has shared. Alexei Olovnikov from the Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences was opened and the "counter" of cell division - the cause of aging and death of cells. It turns out that every time you double the (growing) cells DNA molecules are slightly shorter. When the contraction reaches the gene coding vital information, the cell dies. The process of shortening, named Olovnikovym marginotomiey, the scientist gives the following explanation: "a subsidiary chain of DNA bases, moving to a matrix chain, the enzyme DNA polymerase. Learn and catalytic centers have a spatially separated. When the first - as an engine - comes to the end of the matrix, the second -- as the last wagon train - will stop quite a distance and at the end of the chain does not copy. And if the center is heard from behind, then for the same reason, not copied the beginning of the chain. This is the length of the train - the distance between the centers - and determine how the chain is copied daughter. Another way of shortening DNA linked to the fact that the synthesis begins with a copy of fuse - a small area of RNA. After the synthesis of fuse is removed, and a copy is shorter than the matrix. For those who do not like to enter into "technical" details, I will say is easier: the initial length and shortening the train (DNA) during the movement (of life) are programmed. Why and by whom? God? Nature? Natural selection? Here, we depend on the problem of sick most modern studies of life - the problem of reconciling the religious (mystical), and a scientific, rational knowledge of the world. It is here that converge and diverge at the point of view of the phenomenon of death and possible afterlife of the model.

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