Symbols

To understand how death is treated in Buddhism), first stumbled on the relationship of body and soul. Some researchers (eg, H. Oldenberg), believe that Buddhism denies the existence of the body. " Indeed, you can remember this, for example, a conversation with the Buddha's disciples: "Corporal, on bhikshu (appeal to the students), there is no" I ". If corporeality was the" I ", on bhikshu, the corporeality could not be subjected to disease, and about the corporeality could say: let him be my body in such a and therefore will not let my body. But as corporeality, on bhikshu not have the "I", so corporeality subjected to disease and can not say about corporeality, so will let my body, and therefore will not let him. feelings about bhikshu not the essence of "I"... How do you think now, the disciples, is constant or is variable corporeality? - Unstable, a teacher. - Can, therefore, despite this volatile, suffering executed subject to change, say: this is mine, I am, it - my essence? - No, the teacher can not. " But the soul as a separate entity, too, is denied. She was given only nazyvatelnaya function, the function of symbols. When the Greek king Menandro asked a Buddhist monk Nagasenu what "I", he responded, in the sense that "I" - is nothing imaginary set. And illustrated his claim by comparing the person with the cart. No carts, Nagasena said, this is just a word, but there are wheels, axles, body, and others. The same and the person: has teeth, muscles, intestines, hair, but there is some "corporal." "Nagasena - this is just the name, symbol, a simple word, the subject itself is not the same." So Nagasena for example, explained to the famous image of Buddha sermon on the lack of human souls as something eternal. "In the Buddhist sacred books of the soul disappeared, sharing of four elements: a feeling, understanding, desire and knowledge (or consciousness), - writes the historian of religion, I. Kryvelev. - Disappears in the whole man, in its essence was included in addition to those elements and corporeality, but it did not help a cause as a real phenomenon. For the religious consciousness that solipsism, however, are contraindicated, that the Buddha him hesitate. " There are such words of Buddha, which explicitly denies the reality of the individual and, therefore, the soul. The death of one of his students because the Buddha commented: "When the urge of life are disappearing, enabling forces (Triebkrafte), lost consciousness when the mind disappears, the name and image will disappear... vanish some senses... touch disappears." Next is the transfer that have disappeared: sensation, perception, the scope of (intellectual), life, birth, old age, death, sorrow, suffering, dejection (Missmut). Since the destruction of the body, it turns out, not only to kill non-existent entity, disappearing and those elements which constitute its real content. There is another passage of this kind, repeated in several books. Near the corpse of a monk Godgiki vilos dark cloud. When students asked Buddha, it means, he replied: "This evil Mara seeking knowledge [of consciousness] noble Godgiki... but noble Godgnka entered into nirvana, his knowledge does not live anywhere else." What is this mysterious nirvana where escapes cognition (consciousness) after death? Why it is there, if the soul is nothing? And what about the endless chain of births and deaths, which according to the teachings of the Buddha, all life is doomed? The reason for these differences is that which existed before the Buddha, a powerful Indian religious and philosophical traditions nalozhilae on his teachings and is gradually swallowed it, introducing its own elements, and replacing some elements alien to it. Later Buddhism is divided into several areas, among them theravada ( "narrow way of salvation"), Mahayana ( "a way of salvation"), vadzhrayana (or tantrizm), Lamaism (a connection with Buddhism and Taoism Shintoism), Zen Buddhism. Each of these has its own characteristics in the understanding of death and especially - afterlife. But let us return to edinonu source - indeed the teachings of the Buddha. Because of the objective number of Odin - the liberation from suffering, the death to help you with this, the Buddha sees as the best finals of life: Instantly, overnight, all drawn up; Life in the povita death; Everything is destroyed, creating; Blessed pritekshie to a place of rest. Death is not just natural, it will. Know the truth, striving for absolute must, on the teachings of the Buddha, to suppress all the sensual feelings, all the colors and smells of land. That is why the death - the necessary step towards the ideal. But death does not guarantee the achievement of the Absolute, for the posthumous fate of man depends on his earthly life. After the death of man could expect the fate of the three options: instantaneous transformation (the so-called relocation of a shower), falling into the hell (to move to a new body) care nirvana. Study on the relocation of a shower, even before the Buddha existed in brahmanizme, said that the human soul, according to the law of karma, is an infinite number of relocations, and embodied not only in humans but also in plants and animals. Some been translated into kings, Brahmins and celestial. Dying, a person (soul) is decomposed into scandium (building blocks), but the next incarnation of scandium meet again in some way (a sort of Rubik's cube), while preserving the unity of the soul. Correct its "assembly" ensures the continuity of essential life person, irrespective of what material the shell gets a shower after the next reincarnation. Man must seek to interrupt the chain displacement, in order to merge with God the creator of Brahma (in brahmanizme), go to nirvana (in Buddhism). Make it possible to just assuming the "octuple Road righteousness. In the interval between death and a new incarnation of the souls of sinners waiting for severe punishment in hell caves. Among the flours, ugotovannyh them - swallowing hot iron ball, roasting, crushing, freezing, boiling ( Clearly, all this must be understood allegorically, as it was the soul, this confirms the fact that among the major torment of sinners in hell and fear of death is mentioned!). But serving the punishment in hell, the soul does not facilitate their lives, because the new birth - it is not getting rid of the meal, but new suffering. "I went through many births, seeking the builder of the house, but did not find it, - said the Buddha. - Birth again and again - bitterly." Label point Borges, reincarnation to the Western consciousness - the notion of poetry in the first place, while the Buddhist reincarnate no soul (in the Christian sense), and karma - the special mental structure capable to countless transformations. So, in addition to the hell of sinners ugotovan perpetual cycle of births. Righteous after death would go to nirvana, as the Buddha said, "who, seeking happiness for himself, does not impose punishment on the merits of seeking happiness, he will receive after the death of happiness." Nirvana, which in Sanskrit means "extinction" - maloopredelennaya area either being, or non-existence of soul after death. Buddha himself to questions about his death (withdrawal of nirvana) answered very vaguely. Thus, the monk Malunkiyaputty questioned whether it would be perfect to live after death, the Buddha answered a series of questions, there is little to clarify it: "Do the same as a living creature with the body or different from him? Whether or not to continue to live perfect, after death, or committed after the death of the same time and continues to not continue to live, or it is continued or not continued to live? " Death and the nirvana of the Buddha's teachings have a dual nature, affirming the unity of Hegel law and the fight of opposites. On the one hand, nirvana - it is the quality of the world in which we lost all the usual system of coordinates and the sensor's life. "There are about bhikshu, - said the Buddha - a state where neither land nor water, nor light, nor air, nor the infinite space or infinite wisdom, neither uncertainty nor the destruction of the submissions and failure, nor of this world, nor a nor sun nor moon. This, of bhikshu, I did not call either the emergence or the process or condition, or death or birth. It is without basis, without continuing, non-stop: this is the end of suffering. " Since nirvana - is the ultimate goal of life, then leave it forever. Such a kind of black hole. On the other hand, nirvana is an information link to your earthly, sensual world, moreover, a Buddhist monk Nagasena characterize it using purely earthly terms. How to know nirvana - you ask. In the absence of suffering, danger, fear, through happiness, peace, bliss, perfection, purity, freshness... " But it is paradoxical that of Nirvana, you can return to our world - so does the Buddha himself, returning from Mahaparinirvany (great perfect Nirvana) for the new embodiment of the earth. It seems that nirvana is not in a position to destroy the personality of its solutions on the constituent elements. Nirvana is not the swamp sucks forever. Rather, it represents a kind of energy up, totally self-sufficient, which is in a static state, but capable at any moment to re-establish any probable state of existence. Referring to physical terms, nirvana - it is the border area between the entropy and antientropiey possessing with the properties of their neighbors. Thus, nirvana is great, and Nothing All at the same time great. Borges in a brilliant lecture on Buddhism leads Austrian orientalist remarks, noted that "in his discussion of the Buddha in mind the physical representations of their era, but the idea of extinction was then not the same as now: it was thought that the flame does not disappear, zatuhaya. It was believed that the flame continues to exist, that it will survive another hypostasis, so the term "nirvana" is not meant in the strict sense of "fading". It means that we dlimsya other way. The way we do not. " Jawaharlal Nehru in India, Postcards, polemiziruya with a simplistic interpretation of Buddhism, says that Buddhism is, in essence, avoids the extremes. It includes the teachings of the golden mean, the average path. Even the idea of nirvana does not mean non-existence, as is sometimes believed. This was positive state, but since it is beyond the scope of human thinking, for his descriptions of the negative terms. If Buddhism, the typical product of thinking in the Indian culture, was only the doctrine of denial of life, it certainly would have a corresponding impact on hundreds millions of people practicing this religion. In fact, the Buddhist country's abundant evidence to the contrary... "

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